He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. Rajatarangini belongs. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Report Error He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. Turn on. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: that the material was genuinely picky. Made king by the minister Shura. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Subscribe here. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Nephew of Didda. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. . The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Rajatarangini/Original languages Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. . All rights reserved. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Verse 15. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. How do people make money on survival on Mars? Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Murdered by Radda. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. After his death, the queen committed. Sussala's son. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Nothing is known about his origin. Verse 12. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Deposed by the minister Shura. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. It is by late Vidwan T.K. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Verse 14. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Concerning past occasions. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Abstract. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? (I.191) He belonged to. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Verse 13. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. for this article. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Hiranya died childless. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). After that, the English translation. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty.
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