Lebanese Alawites live mostly in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of Tripoli, and in 10 villages in the Akkar region,[59][60][61] and are mainly represented by the Arab Democratic Party. [1] (However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates), The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are highly concentrated in Lebanon's capital city - Beirut (West Beirut /or Beirut II), as well as Tripoli, Sidon, Western Beqaa, and in the countryside of the Akkar, Arsal. (1) Reduced Drug Imports, Lebanese emigrants 815,000 in three decades, SYRIA JOINS CHINAS BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE. 225,000 Lebanese to vote overseas in 58 countries and 596 polling stations, Lebanons bank deposits down by USD 11.1 billion, Lebanese banking sector: USD 22.1 billion of profits in 26 years, Non-Lebanese own 37 million m2 of the country, Non-Lebanese own LBP 64.4 billion in property, Polling the Lebanese on Hezbollahs Decision to Import Fuel from Iran, Hanna Saadah - Three Arabian Tales Harked With Little Ears, Between Fakhreddines millions and the Medicis, Zabbal Families: Greek Catholic in Beirut, Al-Sous Families-Maronites, Sunni, Orthodox and Israelis in Zgharta, Saida, al-Qebbeh and Mina El-Hosn, Lebanon witnesses a high number of departures after Beirut blast, Lebanese travelers and emigrants (2018-2019), Anwar El-Khatib (1910-1970)-A sorely missed jurist, Municipalities of Lebanon : Dissolution of 71 Municipal Councils. [72], Lebanese Shia Muslims are concentrated in south Beirut and its southern suburbs, northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley, as well as Southern Lebanon.[73]. Mostafa, Mostapha, Moustafa, Moustapha, Mustapha, Mustafi. Among the factors contributing to the recent surge of Sunni extremism in Lebanon, the most prominent is perhaps the growing Sunni resentment of Hezbollah, especially after the Shiite movement in May 2013 officially announced its military involvement in Syria, in support of Bashar al-Assad. Tripoli's second qadi Jalal al-Mulk invested large sums in turning the city a famous center for learning, founding a "House of Knowledge" that attracted scholars, as well as a notable library of reportedly 100,000 volumes. In one confrontation, Sadiq Hamzeh and his men killed and wounded around fifty French soldiers, and took their weapons. Dig into and choose from MomJunction's treasure of 70,000+ baby names that are divided based on meaning, religion, origin, English alphabet, and gender. It is also commonly used to refer to a Muslim religious scholar. verset coranique pour attirer les femmes. It means pious or true believer. ansar originated from the medinan people who assisted the prophet mohammed as he moved from Mecca to Medina. The majority of Afghans are Sunni Muslims, while a minority are Shia Muslims. [35][36], Through his 10,000-strong cavalry army, Nassif imposed control on all territories between Sidon and Safed and laid siege to Beirut, and had a crucial role in aiding Zahir's campaigns in Palestine and western Transjordan. [34] The duo's first decisive battle took place in Lake Huleh in 1771, when the 10,000-strong Ottoman army of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji was virtually annihilated by the duo's forces; about 300-500 Ottoman soldiers survived the battle, and Uthman Pasha returned to Damascus with only 3 of his soldiers. [43] This led to the establishment of several private Shia schools in Lebanon, among them The Charitable Islamic mili Society (al-Jamiyya al-Khayriyya al-Islmiyya al-miliyya) in Beirut and The Charitable Jafari Society (al-Jamiyya al-Khayriyya al-Jafariyya) in Tyre. [28] In 1771 and 1781, they also gave refuge to the displaced Shiites from Mount Lebanon and Jabal Amel who were fleeing the brutality of the Shihabis and Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar. [38] Many Christian refugees were reportedly given protection by the Shiites in Chyah and Jabal Amel, where they settled in a plethora of villages including Rmaich and Tebnine. One who is brave, bold and courageous. Shia cleric Abdul Husayn Sharafeddine had organized and lead the nonviolent resistance movement against the French since 1919, and demanded US support for Syrian unity during the KingCrane Commission visit. "[8], Lebanon throughout its history was home of many historic peoples who inhabited the region. However, the Ottomans did confirm tax-collectorship iltizam to the local Shia in Jabal Amel, Bekaa valley and northern Mount Lebanon as part of their efforts of relying on local intermediaries rather than forcibly imposing foreign ones. Shiites view Ali and his two sons, Hassan and Hussein, as the first of the 12 imams, or holy leaders of Islam. Following Ali al-As'ad's death in 1865, the Ottomans abolished the Sidon eyalet and incorporated Jabal Amel to Syria, effectively bringing Shiites under direct control of the Ottomans. [9], Sunni Muslims and Alawites have been in conflict with each other for centuries. The last census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Shias at 19.6% of the population (154,208 of 785,543). [41] Reuters Jamie Prentis Feb 27, 2023 Listen In English Listen in Arabic However, a small minority of them are Alawites and Ismaili. Sunni clerics in Iraq rarely don a black turban, and the white headpieces they do wear look markedly different from the Shiite versions. He then proceeded to send his forces to ransack Shiite libraries rich in valuable manuscripts, and paraded the heads of the fallen in Sidon. lebanese sunni surnamesinchkeith house mental health team Consultation Request a Free Consultation Now. [39], When the French entered Nabatieh in 1918, they barred the local populace from carrying out political activity. [36] Furthermore, Maronite newspapers had negatively depicted the Shiite groups, often as murderers and pillagers. [12] BEIRUT/AMMAN (Reuters) - A club of former Lebanese prime ministers said on Sunday they endorsed the choice of another former premier, Najib Mekati, to form a new government in yet another attempt. The region fell after 11 days of brutal fighting, driving an influx of Shiites toward the Beqaa valley and Jezzine, while a humbled minority stayed. to guarantee confidentiality, mandated reporters are not required; Select Page. Thng thng vic ng s cho ngy hm nay s din ra vo sau kt qu ca k quay trc tm khong 1 n 2 gi ng h hoc vo bui sng ca ngy hm nay, chnh v th m cc bn c th cn thi gian truy cp vo xem nh. [58] They are recognized as one of the 18 official Lebanese sects, and due to the efforts of an Alawite leader Ali Eid, the Taif Agreement of 1989 gave them two reserved seats in the Parliament. lebanese sunni surnames. Shiite holy men wear either a black or a white turban (depending on their lineage) and a robe. The Lebanese coast was mainly inhabited by Phoenician Canaanites throughout the Bronze and Iron ages, who built the cities of Tyre, Sidon, Byblos and Tripoli, which was founded as a center of a confederation between Aradians, Sidonians, and Tyrians. club xl harrisburg capacity; pivotal group snapnurse; what happened to sofia's daughter in john wick 3; rachel lavine robbie kaplan; [13], With the arrival of the First Crusade, Tripoli and Tyre initially resisted crusaders and paid tribute to prevent further conflict, which only proved temporary. And when a popular Sunni figure is strangely abducted and arrested by Lebanon's General Security Service an organization linked to the Hezbollah militia that, in turn, is linked to the Syrian government the Alawites become the whipping boys. [14], Lebanese Sunni Muslims are concentrated in cities of west Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon and in north Lebanon in the Akkar and minyeh dinnieh districts, middle and west bekaa, Chouf district and laqlouq in mount lebanon , hasbaya district, and Northeastern Beqaa Valley mainly in and around the city of Arsal.[15]. Although it can be considered offensive nowadays, it was a way to distinguish the uniqueness and unity of the community. Chalabi, for example, is a well-known Shiite name, and Pachachi tends to be Sunni. You can also tell a Sunni from a Shiite based on where he goes to pray: Locals would know the affiliation of each mosque, and outsiders may be able to tell by reading the banners or inscriptions. [2], Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state together, and they are still the only ones eligible for the post of Prime Minister. For example, discussions about the mourning of the martyrdom of Imam Husain during Ashura, which was a clandestine affair before the 1920s and 1930s, led to its transformation into a public ceremony.[50]. In a 2020 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, authors showed that there is substantial genetic continuity in Lebanon and the Levant since the Bronze Age (33001200 BC) interrupted by three significant admixture events during the Iron Age, Hellenistic, and Ottoman period, each contributing 3%11% of non-local ancestry to the admixed population. The Qarmatian movement in the Levant was largely extinguished by the turn of the millennium. During the post-independence decades between 1943 and 1990, Shiites had the highest fertility rate (3.8) of all communities. Despite signing a letter offering submission to Selim I in 1516, the Harfushes' initial relationship with their new masters seems to have been problematic when the governor of Syria, Janbirdi al-Ghazali, executed Shia chief Ibn Harfush as a rebel in 1518, contemporarily evicting them from the deputyship of Baalbek. During this period of chaos, also several predominantly Christian villages in the region were attacked due to the armed support they received from the French and their perceived acceptance of French mandatory rule, including Ain Ebel. The last census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Sunnis at 22% of the population (178,100 of 791,700). Sunnis dont accept the imams. [13] Al-Yunini identifies other notable Shia individuals from Baalbek in this period, including Muhammad bin Abi al-Hasan (11981278) from Baalbek, a battle-hardened fris and amir of 20 soldiers who fought the crusaders and Mongols; and Muhammad bin Muwaffaq al-Tanukhi (fl. [25][13][26] In 1363, the Mamluks released an official decree prohibiting Shia rituals practiced among "some of the people of Beirut, Sidon and their surrounding villages", threatening punishment and military campaign. Sheikh Ahmad Rifai was the imam of a . Two Shia muqaddams, Ibn Bechara and Ibn Harfush, reportedly fought on each other's side. shia surnames in pakistan. However, Shiites were the only ones who did not benefit from such activities. [25], A decade later in 1781, Shia autonomy in Jabal Amel similarly diminished under Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (17761804), nicknamed the butcher. Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid killed one of the city's Alid notables in 903 for alleged Qarmatian sympathies. Long live Lebanon, Long live Lebanese unity and long live the Shiites. Most Popular Muslim Names in 2023 Liyana Inaya Ayan Aleena Aariz Nayel Aidan Inara Zidan Alaya Rayyan Aydin Anaya Izaan Zayyan Eva Naira Ayana Zara Haniya Eleanor Ilyana Zayn Yusra Hannah Arham Ayman Zoraiz Alyan Amal Dania Zimal Nahyan Nuha Haneen Afnan Amara Ayat Sarah Maira Ilhan Raha Mariam Ahsan Anas on Thursday 27th of August 2015 04:59:17 AM Politicians, Diplomats, and Public Servants, the Lebanese National Bloc political party, International Religious Freedom Report 2008, Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events, "Lebanon's Sheikhs Take on Assad and Hezbollah", Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression, Syria's war ignites sectarian strife in Lebanon, "2012 Report on International Religious Freedom - Lebanon", "Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims&oldid=1142332895, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 20:43. [30] Seven Shia Twelver (Mutawili) villages that were reassigned from French Greater Lebanon to the British Mandate of Palestine in a 1924 border-redrawing agreement were depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and repopulated with Jews. The Twelver Shia Salih ibn Mirdas rose against the Fatimids in a similar manner, and by 1025 managed to conquer most of Syria, western Iraq and parts of Lebanon. Aqqush's army of 50,000 advanced and encircled Keserwan from four sides, and was confronted by an estimated 4,000 infantrymen on the Shiites' behalf. These people influenced Lebanese art, literature, music, cuisine, religion, and architecture. Later in 1921, this period of unrest ended with a political amnesty offered by the French mandate authorities for all Shiites who had joined the riots, with the intention to bind the Shia community in the South of Lebanon to the new Mandate state. In the 2006 Lebanon War, Israeli warplanes bombed the factory of the Maliban Glass company in the Beqaa valley on 19 July. In addition, Abdul-Husayn Sharafeddine expressed solidarity with the Palestinian strike and demand for independence. [36], After the revolt, the region experienced a decade or so of political stability. A man named Omar, Abu Bakr, or Yazid would almost certainly be a Sunni, since these names correspond to the opponents of the first imams and the major villains of Shiite history. [43] While several Shia educational institutions were established before and at the beginning of the mandate period, they often ran out of support and funding which resulted in their abolishment. Sharafeddine understood that sectarian hostility only gave purpose for French military presence in the area, and thus called for the protection of the Christians in the conference of Wadi al-Hujayr on 24 April 1920. The Monthly is published on a quarterly basis by Information International, a leading Beirut-based research and consultancy firm. [24], By the early 14th century, Jabal Amel was becoming the Twelver Shia center of the Levant. Isma'ilis hold that Isma'il ibn Jafar was the true seventh imam, and not Musa al-Kadhim as the Twelvers believe. [8], The Lebanese Sunni Muslims initially opposed the creation of the Lebanese state separated from Syria, where the majority of the population was also Sunni Muslim, and wanted the territory of present-day Lebanon to be incorporated within the so-called Greater Syria. This angered the French, who encouraged an unsuccessful assassination attempt against him. Due to official persecution by the Sunni Zengid dynasty that stoked escalating sectarian clashes with Sunnis, many Isma'ilis in the regions of Damascus and Aleppo are said to have fled west during the 12th century. Lebanon's Sunni community is its third largest ethnopolitical group and comprises one-fifth of the total population. Baalbek in the 18th century was really under the control of the Metawali, which also refers to the Shia Twelvers. Upon meeting them in 1686, a French diplomat came acquainted with them as the "men of emir Sirhan", describing them as good hearted people and "iron men who would not back out to the strongest of janissaries". According to a CIA 2018 study, Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 30.6% of Lebanon's population. For the most part, you cant tell a Shiite or a Sunni by how they look, talk, or dress. [37][25] Following Egyptian defeat in 1840, the Ottomans deposed the Shihab dynasty[37] and rewarded al-Mahmoud by restoring the autonomy of the Shiites until 1865, when Jabal Amil was incorporated into Syria vilayet and came under direct Ottoman rule. lebanese sunni surnamesmichelle fleury ancestry. The boys' school was known as al-Ja'fariyya, and was able to continue despite financial difficulties. - 25 , +0800 2336 7811 Office@Medicare.com The ansaris now reside in most countries of south asia with large populations in india, pakistan, bangladesh and nepal. A Lebanese term for soldier or police. Politically and physically weakened, the Hamadas retained some of their tax farms in Mount Lebanon until 1771 when they were defeated and evicted by the northward expanding Shihab dynasty. Several Christian denominations are represented, including Orthodox and Catholic denominations and one Protestant church, and there is a small Jewish minority. In an interview from 2013, the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. Very religious families might decorate their homes with religious posters or signs specific to their sect. The Mouslimani family includes 3799 members distributed as follows: The Derzi family includes 1265 members distributed as follows: The Qobti family includes 279 members distributed as follows: The Keldani family includes 134 members distributed as follows: The Seryani family includes 118 members distributed as follows: This family consists of both Christian and Muslim members amounting to 2770. [36], During the 1920s and 1930s, educational institutions became places for different religious communities to construct nationalist and sectarian modes of identification. By the late 17th century, the family controlled a territory that stretched from Safita and Krak des Chevaliers in Syria to Keserwan, virtually most of northern Lebanon. The great majority of Shia Muslims in Lebanon are Twelvers. The years-long siege of Tripoli and the brutal aftermath of its fall caused an influx outside of Tripoli. While governmental Sunni religious institutions and figures such as Abdel Malik Saadi, Rafi Rifii, and senior clerics of the Sunni Endowmentsan institution that was perceived to be infiltrated by sympathizers of Iraq's Muslim Brotherhoodplayed some role in mobilizing Arab Sunnis in the Anbar sit-ins, the institutional landscape has changed [12] Shias from the newly autonomous areas of Jabal Amel soon became essential participants in blocking Frankish raids and sieges. This marker is found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, including the Phoenicians. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the Arabian peninsula, this likely means that the lineage was introduced by Arabs beginning at the time of the 7th century Muslim conquest of the Levant and has persisted among the Muslim population ever since. Al-Jazzar was initially on good terms with Nassif, but their alliance reached a bad point some time in 1781. where do you file a complaint against a hospital; failure to pay full time and attention va code; bones angela and hodgins in jail; mirabella svadobny salon dubnica nad vahom Lebanese peoples health at stake due to the inability to afford hospital Lebanese peoples health at stake! Isma'ilism, or "Sevener Shi'ism", is a branch of Shia Islam which emerged in 765 from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad. According to al-Muhajir, Yaman-affiliated tribes which lived in the surroundings of Baalbek before 872, such as Banu Kalb[20] and Banu Hamdan[13] were supportive of Alid sentiments at the time, and they likely played a role in disseminating Shia Islam in the Bekaa and anti-Lebanon mountains. [12], After Kitbuqa took Baalbek in 1260, many Shias refused the newly imposed Mongol authority. June 7, 2022 . Divisions between Lebanese Sunnis and Shi'ites opened up after the 2005 assassination of former prime minister Rafik al-Hariri. The jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire was merely nominal in the Lebanon. Furthermore, unlike Christians whose affairs were run by the millet system and were recognized as religious communities (e.g. A very conservative Shiite man may be unwilling to wear a tie. Explainer thanks Susan Dakak, Masoud Kazemzadeh, and Zainab al-Suwaij. famous roberts surname; does dentaquest cover crowns. 38. / shia surnames in pakistan. Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) They profess Islam and belong to the Sunni sect and observe all Muslim fairs and festivals . Only by this can you face the conspiracy and put an end to the civil strife.[36]. The difference in dress code is even more obvious among clerics. Lebanese Sunni have accused security forces of heavy-handed tactics By Lina Sinjab BBC News, Tripoli, Lebanon Sitting in a dark corner of a poorly furnished apartment in the Bab al-Tabbaneh. Ignored in a post-independence law passed in 1951 that defined only Judaism and Christian sects as official, Muslims continued under traditional Ottoman law, within the confines of which small communities like Isma'ilis and Alawites found it difficult to establish their own institutions. Israeli vision and strategy nowadays is reduced to three goals: to maintain peace and tranquility along the Lebanese-Israeli border, which has been respected by both sides for the past 11 years;. [82] Although Haplogroup J1 is most common in Arabian peninsula, studies have shown that it has been present in the Levant since the Bronze Age[83] and does not necessarily indicate Arabian descent. Haplogroup J2 is also a significant marker in throughout Lebanon (27%). This name is based on the Arabic word Muhammad, meaning praiseworthy. 280 Maronite members registered in Akkar (Andaqt, Meniara), Beirut (Mazraa)Jbeil (Qartaba Shmaliyeh), Zahle (Midan Charqi), Zgharta (Daraya) and Batroun. Forty years in the wilderness, away from the flesh-pots of Egypt, had entailed harsh habits, the counted date and the hoarded water; nor had a thousand years in the wilderness of a Christian world, where only the secret treasure was safe, encouraged display; but the world was altering, the desert was flowering; in stray corners here and there . shia surnames in pakistan. At the best of times, the Alawites are regarded by Sunnis as heretics; at times of tension, when thousands of Sunnis in Syria are being killed, they are regarded as the enemy. [40] However, the French breakdown on Shiites left the latter resentful against them. The group soon became widely vilified in the Islamic world for its armed campaigns across throughout the following decades, which included slaughtering Muslim pilgrims and sacking Mecca and Medinaand Salamiyah. First names could give a clue, given the history of the sectarian split. [36], When the Safavids began converting Iran to Shiism by coercion and persuasion, they compensated the lack of established Shia fiqh in Iran by asking Shia clergies from Jabal Amel, Bahrain and Al-Ahsa to immigrate to Iran. "[4], Genealogical DNA testing has shown that 27,7% of Lebanese Muslims (non-Druze) belong to the Y-DNA haplogroup J1. Once empowered by the authority of the former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri since the end of the Lebanese Civil war in 1990, after his assassination in 2005 the Sunni community in Lebanon was left leaderless, with no backbone, and getting gradually alienated from political power. According to al-Maqdisi, half of the population of the towns of Hunin and Qadas were Shia Muslims, while Shiites were the majority in Amman and Tiberias adjacent to Jabal Amel. A Lebanese Sunni cleric known for his strong anti-Hezbollah views was killed by a group that included his relatives, Lebanon's Internal Security Forces said. February 27, 2023 . Amid all this conflict, how can Shiites and Sunnis tell each other apart? 1 a ; ; . [25] In Mount Lebanon, the Hamada family were among the earliest identified Shia families, reportedly serving as tax-collectors in the district of Mamluk Tripoli as early as 1471, in the region Dinniyeh. [28], Further South, the pinnacle of Jabal Amel occurred at the hands of Nassif al-Nassar (c. 17491781) of Ali al-Saghirs during his alliance with Zahir al-Umar. [28] Almost a century later, the Harfushes gave shelter to Haydar Shihab and provided him with 2,500 troops to carry out the Battle of Ain Dara, which resulted in Haydar Shihab's decisive victory. Most of its adherents live in the northern and western area of the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and Beirut. [71], War in the region has also caused pressures on Lebanese Isma'ilis. [28] Ebussuud's fatws labeled the Qizilbash, regardless of whether they lived on Iranian or Ottoman soil, as "heretics", and declared that killing them would be viewed as praiseworthy. Lebanon-Syria: lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; in March 2021, Syria signed a contract with a Russian company for oil and gas exploration in a maritime area Lebanon claims as its own based on a 2011 map sent to the UN Congratulations on your election victory, distinguished MPs!! Yunus' deep rivalries with Fakhreddine eventually culminated in the Battle of Anjar in 1623, which ended with the confirmation of Yunus' other son, Ali, as the Bekaa's multezim. All rights reserved. [17] Sunni Muslims constitute 27% of Lebanon's population, according to a 2012 estimate. Ibrahim (Arabic/Biblical origin) meaning "friend of God"; Ibrahim is the Arabian derivation of the Biblical name Abraham. As many as four people are believed to have been killed. For example, Najm ad-Din adopted the pseudonym "the bald king". What are some Afghan last names? Early Lebanese Isma'ilism showed perhaps an unusual propensity to foster radical movements within it, particularly in the areas of Wadi al-Taym, adjoining the Beqaa valley at the foot of Mount Hermon, and Jabal Shuf, in the highlands of Mount Lebanon. [22] In 1217, an elite Hungarian contingent was virtually annihilated by local archers in Jezzine, a Shia locality at the time, and the prisoners were paraded in Damascus. Genealogical DNA testing has shown that 21.3% of Lebanese Muslims (non-Druze) belong to the Y-DNA haplogroup J1 compared with non-Muslims at 17%. On the other hand, the official recognition of legal and religious Shiite institutions by the French authorities strengthened a sectarian awareness within the Shia community. Al-Fil closed the plant down on 15 July just after the war broke out to safeguard against the deaths of workers in the event of such an attack, but the damage was estimated at a steep 55million US dollars, with the reconstruction timeframe indefinite due to instability and government hesitation. Lebanon's heavily armed Hezbollah, a part of the political fabric, wields great influence in the country. He also took part in the punitive campaigns against Chouf in 16134, and married his son to Fakhreddine's daughter. [28] In 1693, the newly-ordained grand vizier Ali Pasha set about organizing a massive new campaign against the Hamadas, committing 20,000 troops to coordinate and annihilate the Shiites and Ahmad Ma'n, who was accused of "supporting the accursed Qizilbash". Between 16391649, Ali al-Saghirs seized most of Jabal Amel after defeating other rival families, cementing their role as the sole leaders of the region. Lebanese policymakers have struggled to come to terms with the phenomenon of Islamic radicalization in a country where Sunnis make up roughly a quarter of the population and for decades have lived side by side with Christians, Shia, and other Muslim sects. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. And in most Middle Eastern countries, concern about extremism has increased in the past year. The family ruled most of Safed, Jabal Amel and occasionally Wadi al-Taym.